A Rare Conifer Species in Need of Strict Conservation
According to Lao Dong newspaper, Glyptostrobus pensilis, or swamp cypress, is a rare forest tree species belonging to “Group IA” in Vietnam’s Red Data Book and is in need of strict conservation. This conifer is endemic to Vietnam and can also be found scattered in Guangdong Province, China, and Khammouane Province, Laos. Vietnam is the only country in the world with a natural population of 162 swamp cypress trees.
These trees are located in the province of Dak Lak, specifically in Ea H’leo with 142 trees, Krong Nang with 19 trees, and Buon Ho town with 1 tree.
Swamp cypress, a rare conifer species that requires strict conservation. (Photo: Phan Tuan)
Swamp cypress, also known as water pine, possesses an ancient and vibrant beauty. It is a living fossil, having existed for over 10 million years, coexisting with dinosaurs during the Ice Age. However, this majestic tree now faces the threat of extinction.
According to Dai Doan Ket, swamp cypress belongs to the genus Glyptostrobus, a small group of coniferous trees within the Cupressaceae family, according to scientists. Unlike other types of pines, swamp cypress grows in swamps and damp areas. Pines typically thrive in high, dry places or in low-lying, cold climates.
Over time, especially hundreds of millions of years ago, the heat and geological pressure caused the death of swamp plants, turning them into coal. The remaining swamp cypress trees in Vietnam and a few other countries are survivors of that tumultuous period. However, their numbers are declining due to their “infertility.” Current conservation efforts focus on preventing decay and illegal logging.
Swamp cypress grows in swamps and damp areas. (Photo: Thuy Tung)
Speaking to Dai Doan Ket, Mr. Pham Thanh Tuan, Head of the Conservation Station for the Water Pine Habitat, shared, “The trees flower and produce seeds, but these seeds do not germinate. We have experimented in various locations without success. For now, the only option is to focus on conservation.”
“Research on swamp cypress conservation is an ongoing scientific topic at Tay Nguyen University. Scientists in forest science have repeatedly visited the site to experiment with different methods. We are still awaiting the results.”
An article in Dak Nong newspaper mentions that swamp cypress is a hardwood tree that grows straight. Its wood is strong and durable, making it ideal for making bows and arrows in ancient times.
Swamp cypress, or water pine, has existed for over 10 million years. (Photo: Dak Lak Newspaper)
The leaves of the swamp cypress come in two forms: scale-like, measuring 0.6-1.3 cm long, and reproductive branches with scale-like leaves measuring 0.4 cm long. Its cones are pear-shaped, bearing two ovules, with each scale bearing two egg-shaped seeds, measuring 13 mm long and 3 mm wide, with wings pointing downwards. This tree can thrive in damp, low-lying areas, producing the rare green swamp cypress wood. When grown in drier conditions, it yields red swamp cypress wood.
The wood of the swamp cypress is of exceptional quality, with fine grain, beautiful patterns, resistance to termites, and a pleasant aroma. It is highly valued and can be considered “priceless.”
Interestingly, even after being crafted into products, the wood continues to exude resin, emitting a subtle, distinctive fragrance similar to that of Dalbergia cochinchinensis wood, making it truly unique.
Swamp cypress is a hardwood tree that grows straight. (Photo: Thien Nhien)
In the past, swamp cypress was also used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatism, reduce pain, and tighten the skin. Due to its attractive appearance, it is also cultivated as an ornamental plant or planted near ponds and lakes to prevent soil erosion.
Swamp cypress is challenging to cultivate and requires specialized techniques. Currently, the primary method is bud grafting onto sprouting stumps. This technique has a success rate of approximately 70%.
The rarity and high value of swamp cypress have made it a target for relentless hunting, leading to an alarming decline in its population.
Three Experimental Methods for Propagating Swamp Cypress
Efforts to conserve swamp cypress have been underway in Dak Lak province since 2011, with the approval of a project for the conservation of this tree species. In August 2012, the Management Board of the Swamp Cypress Habitat Conservation Area was officially established to protect and restore the natural population of swamp cypress in Vietnam.
Speaking to Lao Dong newspaper, the management of the Dak Lak Swamp Cypress Habitat Conservation Area shared that three experimental methods for propagating swamp cypress are being implemented by individuals and organizations.
Buds of swamp cypress grafted onto the breathing roots of the mother tree, a method researched by Mr. Vo Thanh Tam. (Photo: Dak Lak Newspaper)
Specifically, Mr. Vo Thanh Tam, a staff member, independently researched and successfully grafted dozens of buds onto the breathing roots of the mother tree. These roots, protruding above the water’s surface, aid the tree’s respiration, and the carefully grafted buds are thriving.
The Tropical Forestry Research Center in Gia Lai has also successfully developed a method for propagating swamp cypress cuttings. Lastly, Dr. Tran Vinh, Acting Director of the Tay Nguyen Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, has successfully grafted swamp cypress buds onto sprouting stumps.
Dr. Tran Vinh’s method of grafting buds onto sprouting stumps has yielded the highest survival rate, and the trees have grown more robustly. After nine years of experimental planting at Trap Ksor Station, the grafted swamp cypress trees have reached heights of over 5 meters and diameters ranging from 15 to 25 cm.
Today, the awareness of the value and importance of swamp cypress has significantly increased in Vietnam. People no longer indiscriminately cut down these trees.
The story of swamp cypress in Vietnam serves as a testament to nature’s resilience in the face of time and environmental changes. It also reminds us of our responsibility to conserve nature’s artistry. As part of our natural heritage, each remaining swamp cypress tree is a call to action for conservation, ensuring that future generations can appreciate and cherish this magnificent species.
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